13 Types of Text for Learning English in High Schools

English Admin - If you study in high schools, these are 13 types of text in English. They are text genres or text types and given in definition, purpose, generic structure, language feature and some samples of each text. This is the core strategy of learning English through text-based approach.

The text classification may differ from one theory to another. Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, English texts are divided into 13 types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. See the illustrative picture below

Kinds of text which students of high schools should study when learning English

These variations are known as GENRES, types of text, or kinds of text but NOT text forms. Now we will see the summary of all kids of text.

Text Types 1: NARRATIVE

Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Complication 3. Resolution 4. Reorientation (optional) Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Chronologically arranged Narrative text can be simple a story. For more explanation you can read:

Text Types 2: RECOUNT

Purpose: To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Event(s) 3. Reorientation Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adjectives

Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.

The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure

Recount text is used in various form. For more explanation, you can read:

Text Types 3: DESCRIPTIVE

Purpose: To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail. Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Identification 2. Description Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Using special technical terms For more explanation on descriptive text, you can read:

Text Types 4: REPORT

Purpose: To presents information about something, as it is. Generic Structure: 1. General classification 2. Description Dominant Language Feature: 1. Introducing group or general aspect 2. Using conditional logical connection 3. Using Simple Present Tense For more explanation on report text, you can read:

Text Types 5: EXPLANATION

Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena. Generic Structure: 1. General statement 2. Explanation 3. Closing Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verbs 3. Using passive voice 4. Using noun phrase 5. Using adverbial phrase 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect For more study on explanation text, you can read:

Text Types 6: ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Reiteration/Conclusion Dominant Language Features: 1. Using modals 2. Using action verbs 3. Using thinking verbs 4. Using adverbs 5. Using adjective 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using connectives/transition You can read more about explanation text on the following articles:

Text Types 7: HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose: To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Recommendation Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using modals 3. Using action verbs 4. Using thinking verbs 5. Using adverbs 6. Using adjective 7. Using technical terms 8. Using general and abstract noun 9. Using connectives/transition Articles about hortatory exposition can be found more on:

Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done

Text Types 8: PROCEDURE

Purpose: To help readers how to do or make something completely Generic Structure: 1. Goal/Aim 2. Materials/Equipments 3. Steps/Methods Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using Imperatives sentence 3. Using adverb 4. Using technical terms If you like to read more about procedure text, you can read the following articles:

Text tyeps 9: DISCUSSION

Purpose: To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’) Generic Structure: 1. Issue 2. Arguments for and against 3. Conclusion Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Use of relating verb/to be 3. Using thinking verb 4. Using general and abstract noun 5. Using conjunction/transition 6. Using modality 7. Using adverb of manner Explanations more on discussion text can be read on:

Text Types 10: REVIEW

Purpose: To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Evaluation 3. Interpretative Recount 4. Evaluation 5. Evaluative Summation Dominant Language Features: 1. Focus on specific participants 2. Using adjectives 3. Using long and complex clauses 4. Using metaphor Review text can be found more on:

Text Types 11: ANECDOTE

Purpose: To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident Generic Structure: 1. Abstract 2. Orientation 3. Crisis 4. Reaction 5. Coda. Dominant Language Features: 1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers 2. Using material process 3. Using temporal conjunctions Finding more on anecdote text, you can read:

Text Types 12: SPOOF

Purpose: To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Event(s) 3. Twist Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Chronologically arranged Read more about spoof text on the following articles:

Text Tyeps 13: NEWS ITEM

Purpose: To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Newsworthy event 2. Background events 3. Sources Dominant Language Features: 1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline 2. Using action verbs 3. Using saying verbs 4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner

If need more explanation on news item text, you can read:

This is the summary of all types of text for learning English in high schools. Remember that these text types are classified but it is impossible to build a long text in English only through one single type. In functional writing, a text will be structured with a combination of two or more genres to achieve the writer's goal.